![]() ![]() In 1977, Bardeen received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor awarded a civilian. His work with superconductivity has been used in the development of fast computers and artificial intelligence. Bardeen is also responsible for a theory of superconductivity, the property of some metals to lose all electrical resistance at very low temperatures. An apparatus for amplifying an RF signal comprising : a first power amplifier transistor having a first transistor input for receiving an input RF signal. The size, weight, and reduced power consumption of integrated circuits compared to discrete transistor designs justify their higher cost in military and aerospace systems. ![]() Naval Ordnance Laboratory in Washington, D.C., during World War II, after which he joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. Aerospace systems are first the applications for ICs in computers. A staff member of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, from 1938 to 1941, he served as principal physicist at the U.S. in 1936 in mathematics and physics from Princeton University. Born in Madison, Wisconsin, Bardeen obtained his Ph.D. In 1950 the first practical models were made. In the late 1940s, Bardeen explained theoretically how a semiconductor device worked, and that laid the groundwork for the actual transistor. ![]() The transistor became the basis for all modern electronics and the foundation for the microchip and computer technology. The transistor, developed with Walter Brattain and William Shockley, performed electronic functions similar to the vacuum tube in radio and television, but was smaller and used less energy. But they didn’t understand the materials well enough to actually do it. Inventing the Transistor Scientists in the 1920s proposed building amplifiers from semiconductors. The only person to win two Nobel Prizes in physics was John Bardeen, first in 1956 for the transistor, and then in 1972 for his theory of superconductivity. The first transistor used two closely spaced gold contacts pressed onto the surface of a slab of high-purity germanium. ![]()
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